Illness and trauma challenge self-narratives. Traumatized individuals, unable to speak about their experiences, suffer in isolation. In this paper, I explore Kristeva’s theories of the speaking subject and signification, with its symbolic and semiotic modalities, to understand how a person comes to speak the unspeakable.
Illness and trauma challenge self-narratives. Traumatized individuals, unable to speak about their experiences, suffer in isolation. In this paper, I explore Kristeva’s theories of the speaking subject and signification, with its symbolic and semiotic modalities, to understand how a person comes to speak the unspeakable.
In discussing the origin of the speaking subject, Kristeva employs Plato’s chora (related to choreo, “to make room for”). The chora reflects the mother’s preparation of the child’s entry into language and forms an interior darkroom, the reservoir of lived experience, from which self-narratives issue. Unable to speak of their suffering, traumatized individuals need someone to help them make room for a time of remembrance, someone who is a willing and capable listener. I call such a person a healing witness. Through the mediating presence of the healing witness, fragmented memories of trauma are recreated and incorporated into self-narratives that are sharable with others. Unfortunately, opportunities for witnessing are vanishing. In the last section, I examine the failure of modern media and communication technologies to bear (“hold,” “carry,” “transport”) acts of witnessing. I argue that they perturb the semiotic. According to Kristeva, meaning arises from the dialectical tension between the semiotic (drives and affects) and the symbolic (logic and rules) and is threatened by arid discourse, psychosomatic illnesses, and outbreaks of violence when the semiotic is not represented. Unless we open technology to the imaginary, we risk losing the capacity to bear witness to one another and to create narratives and connections that are meaningful.
AI & Society, Journal for Knowledge, Culture an Communication. Special issue Witnessed Presence. Volume 27, Number 1, February 2012. Online available at: Springerlink.com: DOI 10.1007/s00146-011-0327-5
Through prayer, dialogue, art, and analysis, we therefore must seek “the great infinitesimal emancipation: restarting ourselves unceasingly.”
—Francis L. Restuccia (2009), paraphrasing Julia Kristeva (1997/2002)
One need not be a chamber to be haunted. One need not be a house. Far safer, through an abbey gallop, than unarmed, one’s self encountered in a lonesome place. Ourself behind ourself, concealed should startle most.
—Emily Dickinson (1890/1997), from “Poem 670”
A human face is … spread out … beneath the glance of other human faces, and it takes gladly to these glances. It stands there broad and full so that the other face may take its time and slowly penetrate it, it even lifts out its lines more sharply as if to guide the contemplating glance and spreads out its planes as carpets for the glance to rest upon if it be tired. And thus alternately resting and moving, the observing glance penetrates the face.
—Max Picard (1931), The Human Face
Fig. 1 A representation of the Shannon (1948, 1949) model of communication.
The whole face … runs forward, the glance no longer stops anywhere, the mouth never utters a word calmly, it leaps after its spoken word—the whole face is in flight. The faces of today are not arranged for staying, they are as if routed, they are in full flight. They are throngs that have come from one world and are hastening to another world and they just whiz by here on their perpetual journey.
—Max Picard (1931), The Human Face
Special thanks to Marianthe Karanikas for introducing me to narrative medicine and for her discussions and assistance in the early stages of drafting the first few sections of this paper.
Alvarez WC (1943) Nervousness, indigestion, and pain. Paul. B. Hoeber, New York
Angus LE, McLeod J (2004) Toward an integrative framework for understanding the role of narrative in the psychotherapy process. In: Angus LE, McLeod J (eds) The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: practice, theory and research. Sage, Oaks, pp 367–374
APA (2000) Dsm-iv-tr. American Psychiatric Association, Washington
Ardrey R (1974) Non-communication: a natural history of human misunderstanding. Communication 1(2):153–168
Baeger DR, McAdams DP (1999) Life story coherence and its relation to psychological well-being. Narrat Inquir 9:69–96
[CrossRef]
Baer U (2005) Spectral evidence: the photography of trauma. The MIT Press, Cambridge
Balabanian DM (1981) Medium vs tedium: video depositions come of age. Litigation 7:25–30
Baldwin MW (2005) Interpersonal cognition. Guilford Press, New York
Balint M (1972) The doctor, his patient and the illness. International University Press, New York
Barthes R (1981) Camera lucinda: reflections on photography (trans: Howard R). Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York
Bartlett FC (1932) Remembering: a study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge University Press, London
Baudrillard J (1981/1994) Simulacra and simulation (trans: Glaser SF). The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
Beardsworth S (2004) Julia kristeva: psychoanalysis and modernity. State University of New York Press, Albany
Beckman H, Frankel R (1984) The effect of physician behavior on the collection of data. Ann Intern Med 101:692–696
Benaveniste E (1939/1971) Problems of general linguistics (trans: Gables C). University of Miami Press, FL
Benjamin W (1968) The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction. In: Illuminations. Schocken Books, New York, pp 217–254
Bernstein R (1985) Shoah: an epic film about the greatest evil of modern times. New York Times Review, New York
Beverly RE, Young TJ (1978) The effect of mediated camera angle on receiver evaluations of source credibility, dominance, attraction and homophily. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Communication Association, Chicago
Bjorklund DF (ed) (2009) False-memory creation in children and adults: theory, research, and implication. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah
Boyne R (1999) Citation and subjectivity: towards a return of the embodied will. Body & Soc 5:209–225
[CrossRef]
Brahnam S (2009) Building character for artificial conversational agents: ethos, ethics, believability, and credibility. PsychNology J 7(1):9–47
Bromberg PM (2004) Standing in the spaces: the multiplicity of self and the psychoanalytic relationship. In: Hermans HJM, Dimaggio G (eds) The dialogical self in psychotherapy. Guilford Press, New York, pp 138–151
[CrossRef]
Bromberg PM (2006) Awakening the dreamer: clinical journeys. The analytic Press, Mahwah
Bruner J (2004a) The narrative creation of self. In: Angus LE, McLeod J (eds) The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: practice, theory, and research. Sage, Oaks, pp 2–14
[CrossRef]
Bruner J (2004b) The narrative construction of reality. In: Beilin H, Pufall PB (eds) Piaget’s theory: prospects and possibilities. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, pp 229–248
Butler LD, Palesh O (2004) Spellbound: dissociation in the movies. J Trauma Dissociation 5(2):61–87
[CrossRef]
Calvin WH (1990) The cerebral symphony. Bantam, New York
Castagnera JO, Lanza J (2010) Social networking and faculty discipline: a Pennsylvania case points toward confrontational times, requiring collective bargaining attention. J Collect Bargaining Acad 2:1–16
Cathell D (1922) Book on the physician himself. Crowning Edition, Philadelphia
Charon R (2006) Narrative medicine: honoring the stories of illness. Oxford University Press, New York
Charon R (2008) Where does narrative medicine come from? Drives, diseases, attention, and the body. In: Rudnytsky PL, Charon R (eds) Psychoanalysis and narrative medicine. State University of New York Press, Albany, pp 23–36
Charon R, Montello M (2002) Introduction. Memory and anticipation: the practice of narrative ethics. In: Charon R, Montello M (eds) Stories matter: the role of narrative medicine. Routledge, New York, pp x–xiii
Cooper J, Maxwell N (eds) (1995) Narcissistic wounds: clinical perspectives. Jason Aronson, London
Cowings PS, Suter S, Toscano WB, Kamiya J, Naifeh K (1986) General autonomic component of motion sickness. Psychosphysiol 23(5):542–551
[CrossRef]
Daka K (ed) (2002) Disenfranchised grief. Research Press, Champaign
Dakof GA, Taylor SE (1990) Victims’ perceptions of social support: what is helpful from whom. J Pers Soc Psychol 58:80–89
[CrossRef]
Debord G (1967/1994) Society of the spectacle (trans: Nicholson-Smith D). Zone Books, New York
Denov MS (2004) Perspectives on female sex offending: a culture of denial. Ashgate Publishing Limited, Hampshire
Dickinson E (1890/1997) Poem 670. In: Johnson TH (ed) The complete poems of Emily Dickinson. Little, Brown and Company, Boston, p 333
Dimaggio G, Semerari A (2004) Disorganized narratives: the psychological condition and its treatment. In: Angus LE, McLeod J (eds) The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: practice, theory, and research. Sage, Thousands Oaks, pp 159–174
Edelman GM (1987) Neural darwinism: the theory of neuronal group selection. Basic Books, New York
Edwin S (2002) “Impossible” professions: Sarah kofman, witnessing and the social depth of trauma. In: Oliver K, Edwin S (eds) Between the psyche and the social. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, pp 123–148
Ellenberger HF (1970) The discovery of the unconscious: the history and evolution of dynamic psychiatry. Basic Books, New York
Ellis J (2000) Seeing things: television in the age of uncertainty. I. B. Tauris, London
Erdelyi ME (1994) Dissociation, defense, and the unconscious. In: Spiegel D (ed) Dissociation: culture, mind, and body. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, pp 3–20
Erikson K (1995) Notes on trauma and community. In: Caruth C (ed) Trauma: explorations in memory. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 183–199
Featherstone M, Burrows R (1995) Cultures of technological embodiment: an introduction. In: Featherstone M, Burrows R (eds) Cyberspace/cyberbodies/cyberpunk: cultures of technological embodiment. Sage, London, pp 1–19
Ferenczi S (1919/1980) On the technique of psychoanalysis. In: Rickman J (ed) Further contributions to the technique of psychoanalysis. Brunner/Mazel, New York, pp 177–189
Fleischmann PR (1989) The healing zone: religious issues in psychotherapy. Paragon House, New York
Frankl VE (1959) Man’s search for meaning. Washington Square Press, New York
Freud S (1895/1955) The standard edition of the complete psychological works of sigmund freud, vol 2. Hogarth, London
Freud S (1907) Zur psychopathologie des alltagslebens: (über vergessen, versprechen, vergreifen, aberglaube und irrtum). Verlag Von S Karger, Berlin
Freud S (1926/1959) The standard edition of the complete psychological works of sigmund freud, vol 18. Hogarth, London
Gambaudo S (2007) Kristeva, psychoanalysis and culture: subjectivity in crises. Ashgate Publishing Company, Burlington
Gampel Y (2000) Reflections on the prevalence of the uncanny in social violence. In: Robben ACGM, Suárez-Orozco MM (eds) Cultures under siege: collective violence and trauma. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 48–69
Gellner E (1968) Words and things. Penguin, Harmondsworth
Gonçalves ÓF, Korman Y, Angus L (2000) Constructing psychopathology from a cognitive narrative perspective. In: Neimeyer RA, Raskin JD (eds) Constructions of disorder: meaning-making frameworks for psychotherapy. American Psychological Association, Washington
Gove PB (ed) (1986) Webster’s new international dictionary of the English language unabridged. Merriam-Webster, Springfield
Graessner S, Gurris N, Pross C (eds) (1996) At the side of torture survivors: Treating a terrible assault on human dignity (trans: Riemer JM). John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London
Greenberg HR (1975) The movies of your mind. Saturday Review Press, New York
Groopman J (2007) How doctors think. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston
Guberman RM (ed) (1996) Julia kristeva interviews. Columbia University Press, New York
Hamilton V (1993) Narcissus and oedipus: the children of psychoanalysis. Karnac, London
Haraway D (1997) Modest_witness@second_ millennium.Femaleman_ meets_ oncomouse: Feminism and technoscience. Routledge, New York and London
Harben W (1892) In the year ten thousand. RevolutionSF Fiction
Hartman G (2002) Scars of the spirit: the struggle against inauthenticity. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Hemsley GD, Doob AN (1976) The effect of looking behavior on perceptions of a communicator’s credibility. J Appl Soc Psychol 8(2):136–142
[CrossRef]
Herman JL (1992) Trauma and recovery. Basic Books, New York
Hope J (2011) Doctors want patient time doubled. Mail Online, Tuesday, January 25, 2011
Houston WR (1936) Art of treatment. The Macmillan Company, New York
Howell EF (2005) The dissociative mind. Routledge, New York
Huang W, Olson JS, Olson GM (2002) Camera angle affects dominance in video-mediated communication. Paper presented at the conference on human factors in computing systems, Minneapolis, MN
Huffer L (1998) Maternal, pasts, feminist futures: nostalgia, ethics, and the question of difference. Stanford University Press, Stanford
Jackson SW (1992) The listening healer in the history of psychological healing. Am J Psychiatry 149:1623–1632
Jager E (2000) The book of the heart. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Janet P (1898/1990) Névroses et idées fixes. Société Pierre Janet, Paris
Janet P (1903) Les obsessions et la psychasthénie. Felix Alcan, Paris
Janet P (1907) The major symptoms of hysteria. Macmillan, London
[CrossRef]
Janet P (1909) Les nervöses. Flammarion, Paris
Janet P (1919-25/1984) Les médications psychologiques. Société Pierre Janet, Paris
Janet P (1919/1925) Psychological healing. Société Pierre Janet, Paris
Janet P (1928) L’evolution de la mémoire et de la notion du temps. A. Chahine, Paris
Janet P (1935) Réalization et interprétation. Ann Medico-Psychol 93:329–366
Janoff-Bulman R (1985) The aftermath of victimization: rebuilding shattered assumptions. In: Figley CR (ed) Trauma and its wake. Brunner/Mazel, New York, pp 15–35
Joseph S (1999) Social support and mental health following trauma. In: Yule W (ed) Post-traumatic stress disorders: concepts and therapy. Wiley, Chichester, pp 71–79
Kauffman J (2002a) Introduction. In: Kauffman J (ed) Loss of the assumptive world: a theory of traumatic loss. Routledge, New York, pp 1–12
Kauffman J (2002b) Safety and the assumptive world: a theory of traumatic loss. In: Kauffman J (ed) Loss of the assumptive world: a theory of traumatic loss. Routledge, New York, pp 205–211
Kauffman J (2010) On the primacy of shame. In: Kauffman J (ed) The shame of death, grief, and trauma. Routledge, New York, pp 3–22
Keltner SK (2011) Kristeva: thresholds. Polity Press, Malden
Knowles ES, Sibicky ME (1990) Continuity and diversity in the stream of selves: metaphorical resolutions of William James's one-in-many-selves paradox. Pers Social Psychol Bull 16:676–687
Kracauer S, Levin TY (1993) Photography. Crit Inq 19(3):421–436
[CrossRef]
Kristeva J (1974/1980) The novel as polylogue. In: Roudiez L (ed) Desire in language. Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1974/1984) Revolution in poetic language (trans: Waller M). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1980) Desire in language: A semiotic approach to literature and art (trans: Gora T, Jardine A, Roudiez LS). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1980/1982) Powers of horror: An essay on abjection. Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1981/1989) Language, the unknown: an initiation into linguistics (trans: Menke A). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1983/1987) Tales of love (trans: Roudiez LS). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1985/1987) In the beginning was love: psychoanalysis and faith. Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1986) Psychoanalysis and the polis. In: Moi T (ed) The kristeva reader. Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1987/1989) Black sun: depression and melancholia (trans: Roudiez LS). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1993) Proust and the sense of time (trans: Bann S). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1993/1995) New maladies of the soul (trans: Guberman R). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1994/1996) Time and sense: proust and the experience of literature (trans: Guberman R). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1996) Julia kristeva: Si vous n’en étiez pas, quel serait votre désir? L’Humanité 12
Kristeva J (1996/2000) The sense and non-sense of revolt: the powers and limits of psychoanalysis (trans: Herman J). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1997/2002) Intimate revolt: the powers and limits of psychoanalysis (trans: Herman J). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (1998a) L’avenir d’une révolte. Calmann-Levy, Paris
Kristeva J (1998b) The revolt of mallarmé. In: Cohn RG, Gillespie GEP (eds) Mallarmé in the twentieth century. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, New York, pp 31–52
Kristeva J (1999/2001) Hannah arendt (trans: Guberman R). Columbia University Press, New York
Kristeva J (2005/2010) Hatred and forgiveness (trans: Herman J). Columbia University Press, New York
Lab DD, More E (2005) Prevalence and denial of sexual abuse in a male psychiatric inpatient population. J Trauma Stress 18(4):323–330
[CrossRef]
Lacan J (1977) Ecrits: a selection (trans: Sheridan A). Norton, New York
Landsman IS (2002) Crises of meaning in trauma and loss. In: Kauffman J (ed) Loss of the assumptive world: a theory of traumatic loss. Routledge, New York, pp 13–30
Lanier J (2010) You are not a gadget: a manifesto. Alfred A. Knoff, New York
Lassiter GD (2002) Videotaped interrogations and confessions: a simple change in camera perspective alter verdict in simulated trials. J Appl Psychol 87(5):858–866
[CrossRef]
Laub D (1992a) Bearing witness, or the vicissitudes of listening. In: Felman S, Laub D (eds) Testimony: crises of witnessing in literature, psychoanalysis, and history. Routledge, New York, pp 57–74
Laub D (1992b) The event without a witness: truth, testimony and survival. In: Felman S, Laub D (eds) Testimony: crises of witnessing in literature, psychoanalysis, and history. Routledge, New York, pp 75–92
Lechte J, Margaroni M (2004) Julia kristeva: live theory. Continuum, London
Lepore MJ (1982) Death of the clinician: Requiem or reveille?. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield
Lerner MJ (1980) The belief in a just world. Plenum, New York
Levine PA (2010) In an unspoken voice: how the body releases trauma and restores goodness. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley, CA
Leys R (2000) Trauma: a genealogy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Locke J (2009) Staging the virtual courtroom: an argument for standardizing camera angles in Canadian criminal courts. Masks Online J Law Theatre 1:36–58
Madden K (2010) 12 examples of people getting fired over facebook. Career Builder
Malson L (1972) Wolf children and the problem of human nature. Monthly Review Press, New York
Mandler JM (1979) Categorical and schematic organization of memory. In: Puff CR (ed) Memory organization and structure. Academic, New York
Margaroni M (2005) “The lost foundation”: Kristeva’s semiotic chora and its ambiguous legacy. Hypatia 20(1):78–98
McAdams D (2004) Narrative identity and narrative therapy. In: Angus LE, McLeod J (eds) The handbook of narrative and psychotherapy: practice, theory, and research. Sage, Thousands Oaks, pp 159–174
McAfee N (2004) Julia kristeva. Routledge, New York
McCain TA, Wakshlag JJ (1974) The effect of camera angle and image size on source credibility and interpersonal attraction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the international communication association, New Orleans, LA
McCann IJ, Pearlman LA (1990) Vacarious traumatization: a contextual model for understanding the effects of trauma on helpers. J Trauma Stress 3(1):131–149
[CrossRef]
McLuhan M (1964) Understanding media: the extensions of man. McGraw Hill, New York
Milian M (2009) Questions of characters: How was 140 hatched as texting’s upper limit? Not-so-scientific testing. Los Angeles Times, Monday, May 18, 2009
Nadeau J (1997) Families making sense of death. Sage, Newbury Park
Neimeyer RA (2000) Narrative disruptions in the construction of the self. In: Neimeyer RA, Raskin J (eds) Construction of disorder: meaning making frameworks for psychotherapy. American Psychological Association, Washington, pp 207–241
[CrossRef]
Neimeyer RA (2004) Fostering posttraumatic growth: a narrative contribution. Psychol Inq 15:53–59
Neisser U (1967) Cognitive psychology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Nevejan C (2007) Presence and the design of trust. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
Nevejan C (2009) Witnessed presence and the yutpa framework. PsychNology J 7(1):59–76
Noé G (2002) Irreversible. Lions Gate Home Entertainment, France
Noyes R, Kletti R (1977) Depersonalization in response to life-threatening danger. Compr Psychiatry 18:375–384
[CrossRef]
Nussbaum MC (1990) Love’s knowledge: essays on philosophy and literature. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Oliver K (1993) Reading kristeva: unraveling the double bind. Indiana University Press, Bloomington
Oliver K (ed) (1997) The portable kristeva. Columbia University Press, New York
Oliver K (2001) Witnessing: Beyond recognition. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
Oliver K (2002) Psychic space and social melancholy. In: Oliver K, Edwin S (eds) Between the psyche and the social. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, pp 49–66
Owens A (1970) Financial success story: the internists. Med Econ 22:156–163
Parker DM (1971) A psychophysical test for motion sickness susceptibility. J Gen Psychol 85:87–92
[CrossRef]
Parkes CM (1971) Psycho-social transitions: a field for study. Soc Sci Med 5:101–115
[CrossRef]
Pearlman LA, Saakvitne KW (1995) Trauma and the therapist. W. W. Norton & Company, New York
Pennebaker JW (1993) Putting stress in words: health, linguistic, and therapeutic implications. Behav Res Ther 31:539–548
[CrossRef]
Picard M (1931) The human face. Cassell and Company, London
Pinchevski A (2005) By way of interruption: Levinas and the ethics of communication. Duquesne University Press, Pittsburg
Pollock G (1998) Dialogue with julia kristeva. Parallax 4(3):5–16
[CrossRef]
Postman N (1982) The disappearance of childhood. Vintage Books, New York
Putnam FW (1989) Pierre janet and modern views of dissociation. J Trauma Stress 2(4):413–429
[MathSciNet][CrossRef]
Putnam FW (1997) Dissociation in children and adolescents. Guilford Press, New York
Rauch S, van der Kolk BA, Fisler R, Orr SP, Alpert NM, Savage CR, Fischman AJ, Jenike MA, Pitman RK (1994) Pet imagery: positron emission scans of traumatic imagery in ptsd patients. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the international society for traumatic stress studies, Chicago, IL
Reeves B, Nass CI (1996) The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press, Stanford
Restuccia FL (2009) Kristeva’s intimate revolt and the thought specular: Encountering the (mulholland) drive. In: Oliver K, Keltner SK (eds) Psychoanalysis, aesthetics, and politics in the work of kristeva. State University of New York Press, Albany, pp 65–78
Robinson GC (1939) The patient as a person: the study of the social aspects of illness. The Commonwealth Fund, New York
Rolland J-C (2009) Unconscious memory from a twin perspective: subjective time and the mental sphere. In: Fiorini LG, Canestri J (eds) The experience of time: psychoanalytic perspectives. Karnac Books, Ltd., London
Ross BM (1991) Remembering the personal past: descriptions of autobiographical memory. Oxford University Press, London
Rudnytsky PL (2008) Introduction. In: Rudnytsky PL, Charon R (eds) Psychoanalysis and narrative medicine. State University of New York Press, Albany, pp 1–20
Russel RL, Wandrei ML (1996) Narrative and the process of psychotherapy: theoretical foundations and empirical support. In: Rosen H, Kuehlwein K (eds) Constructing realities: meaning making perspectives for psychotherapists. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 307–336
Sarbin TR (2005) If these walls could talk: places as stages for human drama. J Constr Psychol 18:203–214
[CrossRef]
Schacter D (1987) Implicit memory: history and current status. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 13:501–518
[CrossRef]
Schiffman L (2007) Employers use facebook information when hiring. North by Northwestern News November 12
Shachak A, Reis S (2009) The impact of electronic medical records on patient–doctor communication during consultation: a narrative literature review. J Eval Clin Pract 15(4):641–649
[CrossRef]
Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379–423
[MathSciNet][Zbl]
Shannon CE, Weaver W (1949) The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbanna
[Zbl]
Shorter E (1985) Bedside manners: the troubled history of doctors and patients. Simon and Schuster, New York
Shorter E (1991) From paralysis to fatigue: a history of psychosomatic illness in the modern era. The Free Press, New York
Shorter E (1994) From the mind into the body: the cultural origins of psychosomatic symptoms. The Free Press, New York
Siegert K (1999) Relays: literature as an epoch of the postal system (trans: Repp K). Stanford University Press, Stanford
Slochower JA (1996) Holding and psychoanalysis: a relational perspective. The Analytic Press, Hillsdale
Smith A-M (1998) Julia kristeva: speaking the unspeakable. Pluto Press, Sterling
Smith HF (2009) The past is present, isn’t it? In: Fiorini LG, Canestri J (eds) The experience of time: psychoanalytic perspectives. Karnac Books, Ltd, London, pp xv–xxii
Spence D (1983) Narrative persuasion. Psychoanal Contemp Thought 6(3):457–481
Spiegel D (1992) Effects on psychosocial support on patients with metastatic breast cancer. J Psychosoc Oncol 10:113–120
[CrossRef]
Steele K, van der Hart O (2009) Treating dissociation. In: Courtois CA, Ford JD, BAvd Kolk (eds) Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: an evidence-based quide. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 145–165
Steele E, van der Hart O, Nijenhuis E (2005) Phase-oriented treatment of structural dissociation in complex traumatization: overcoming trauma-related phobias. J Trauma Dissociation 2(4):79–116
[CrossRef]
Summit RC (1983) The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome. Child Abuse Negl 7:177–192
[CrossRef]
Thomas VC (1923) The successful physician. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
Tiemens RK (1970) Some relationships of camera angle to communicator credibility. Journal of Broadcasting 14(4):483–489
Turkle S (2011) Alone together: why we expect more from technology and less from each other. Basic Books, New York
Ulanov A (2001) Attacked by poison ivy: a psychological understanding. Nicholas Hays, York Beach
van der Hart O, Nijenhuis ERS, Steele K (2006) The haunted self. W. W. Norton & Company, New York
van der Kolk BA (1996) The complexity of adaptation to trauma: self-regulation, stimulus discrimination, and characteroligical development. In: Vand der Kolk BA, McFarlane AC, Weisaeth L (eds) Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, society. Gillford Press, New York, pp 182–205
van der Kolk BA, Fisler R (1995) Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: overview and exploratory study. J Trauma Stress 8:505–525
[CrossRef]
van der Kolk BA, van der Hart O (1995) The intrusive past: the flexibility of memory and the engraving of trauma. In: Caruth C (ed) Trauma: explorations in memory. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 158–182
van der Kolk BA, Herron N, Hostetler A (1994) The history of trauma in psychiatry. Psychiatr Clin N Am 17(3):583–600
van der Kolk BA (1989) The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism. Psychiatr Clin N Am 12(2):389–411
Walster E (1966) Assignment of responsibility for an accident. J Pers Soc Psychol 3:73–79
[CrossRef]
Weaver W (1964) Recent contributions to the mathematical theory of communication. In: Shannon CE, Weaver W (eds) The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, pp 1–28
Wedding D, Boyd M (1999) Movies and mental illness: using films to understand psychopathology. McGraw-Hall, Boston
Wedding D, Boyd M, Niemiec RM (2005) Movies and mental illness: using films to understand psychopathology. Hogrefe & Huber, Gottingen
Weinberg RB (1995) Communion. Ann Intern Med 123:804–805
Whitby L (1953) The challenge to medical education in the second half of the 20th century. J Med Educ 28:26–33
Wolf S, Almy T, Flynn JT, Kern F (1952) Instruction in medical history taking. J Med Educ 27(4):244–252
Woods DD, Hollnagel E (2005) Joint cognitive systems: foundations of cognitive systems engineering. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton
Woolf V (1932/1984) The virginia woolf reader: An anthology of her best short stories, essays, fiction, and nonfiction. Harcourt, Inc., Orlando, FL
Young JZ (1987) Philosophy and the brain. Oxford University Press, Oxford
